Let’s see how we can check the certificates before applying them, so we can know for sure that the certificate chain is complete. CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt CRLfile: none If you try to connect to the same URL using command line tools, it will fail: $ openssl s_client -connect :443 -servername Verify return code: 21 (unable to verify the first certificate) $ curl -v curl: (60) server certificate verification failed. For example, go to and see how the browser will show it as valid. This means that even an incomplete chain will show as valid in the browser. Problem using this approach is that browsers tend to complete the chain if it’s not sent from the server using their embedded certificate store (or from the operating system). Usually certificates are tested using a browser, visiting the URL by going to and see if it shows as green (or if it’s not showing Not Secure in the latest version of Google Chrome). One of the problems encountered is that the chain sent from the application is incomplete, this usually leads to errors like x509: certificate signed by unknown authority or server certificate verification failed. The CA certificate is supposed to be known by the receiving end (either manually imported because it is self signed or built in because it’s from a recognized Certificate Authority) The application serving the certificate has to send the complete chain, this means the server certificate itself and all the intermediates. It gets more troublesome when there are one or more intermediate certificates are in the chain. If you have a self created Certificate Authority and a certificate (self signed), there is not that much that can go wrong. der) to PEM: openssl x509 -inform der -in certificate.cer -out certificate.pemĬonversion from PEM to DER format: openssl x509 -outform der -in certificate.pem -out certificate.As many know, certificates are not always easy. p7c ) to PEM: openssl pkcs7 -print_certs -in -out Conversion of PEM format to PKCS#7: openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile -out Conversion of DER (.crt. p12, typically used on Microsoft Windows) files with private key and certificate to PEM (typically used on Linux): openssl pkcs12 -nodes -in -out Conversion of PEM to PKCS#12: openssl pkcs12 -export -in -inkey -out Conversion of PKCS#7 format (. Openssl rsa -noout -modulus | openssl sha256Ĭheck a certificate and its intermediate certificate chain for web server purposes: openssl verify -purpose sslserver -CAfile certificatebundle.pem -verbose Certificate conversionĬonversion of PKCS#12 (. Openssl req -noout -modulus | openssl sha256 Generate a self-signed certificate for testing purposes with one year validity period, together with a new 2048-bit key: openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout -out -days 365 View and verify certificatesĬheck and display a certificate request (CSR): openssl req -noout -text -verify -in Verify and display a key pair: openssl rsa -noout -text -check -in View a PEM-encoded certificate: openssl x509 -noout -text -in View a certificate encoded in PKCS#7 format: openssl pkcs7 -print_certs -in View a certificate and key pair encoded in PKCS#12 format: openssl pkcs12 -info -in Verify an SSL connection and display all certificates in the chain: openssl s_client -connect The Kinamo SSL Tester will give you the same results, in a human-readable format.Ĭontrol whether a certificate, a certificate request and a private key have the same public key: openssl x509 -noout -modulus | openssl sha256 Remove a passphrase from an encrypted private key: openssl rsa -in -out Generate a new ECC private key: openssl ecparam -out server.key -name prime256v1 -genkey Create a self-signed certificate Generate a new certificate request using an existing private key: openssl req -new -sha256 -key -out Generate a certificate request starting from an existing certificate: openssl x509 -x509toreq -in -out -signkey Generate a new RSA private key: openssl genrsa -out 2048Įncrypt a private key with a passphrase: openssl rsa -in -out -des3 Typically, when you ordered a new SSL certificate you must generate a CSR or certificate signing request, with a new private key: openssl req -sha256 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout -out Alternatively, use the Kinamo CSR Generator for easy CSR creation. You'll find an overview of the most commonly used commands below. OpenSSL is the true Swiss Army knife of certificate management, and just like with the real McCoy, you spend more time extracting the nail file when what you really want is the inflatable hacksaw.
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